A New Vision for Public Administration Essay Example for Free

A New Vision for Public Administration Essay Theme The theme of the article by Goodsell is illustrating â€Å"how public administration in the United States can be seen on its own terms, and not those of others† (p. 634). This article argue that the professors and practitioners of the field have inadvertently allowed it to be observed and interpreted from standpoints imposed by others who are external to its institutions and subject matter (p. 623). These include elected officials and politicians and a variety of critics supporting programs for improvement. The representations of the field expected by these outside viewers have been indiscreetly acknowledged within public administration, leaving the field disposed for influence as a tool for purposes other than its own. This situation has made it difficult for the fields leaders to formulate a separate intellectual vision for public administration that is consonant with their appropriate goals and concerns (p.623). Topic The topic under consideration is to contend that it is time for the field to advance, in the sense that it must express, at least to itself, a vision that apprehends its understanding of public administrations contented involvement to a democratic society. The article also present that the vision is no more â€Å"true† in an objective sense than the visions of others. The subject of investigation are the viewpoints in which the social constructs can be seen in different ways, and how the public administrators can be thought to be owning the capacities of human observation and visual understanding that allow them to see such objects. Method of Inquiry The method of inquiry used by the author is qualitative research. The author does this through corresponding to what a recent analyst of governance  described as society’s three major institutions: the state, the market, and civil society (p. 624). The state perceives public administration from the perspective of centralized, combined control by the chief executive. The market sees it in terms of private area standards and the principles of commerce. Civil societys viewpoint is that the fields self-governing prospective is apprehended through direct impact over government by those affected by it. Findings The author provides a brief and attentive summary of the major findings through a trio of conceptual categories. The three categories he analyzes are: States view on public administration, Market view on public administration, and Civil Society’s view on public administration. Public administration centers on matters of branded control under state’s view. This is controlled from the top and if the top person in charge is a tyrant, then the control is made unconditional by intimidations and eliminations. â€Å"In a democracy, the situation is more complicated: Laws and elections must be honored, a free press tolerated, and, in America, the separation of powers and divisions of federalism dealt with† (p. 624). Public administration centers on matters of branded control under state’s view. This is controlled from the top and if the top person in charge is a tyrant, then the control is made unconditional by intimidations and eliminations. â€Å"In a democracy, the situation is more complicated: Laws and elections must be honored, a free press tolerated, and, in America, the separation of powers and divisions of federalism dealt with† (p. 624). The bureaucracy came to be observed as coextensive with the executive branch of government, under the exclusive direction of the chief executive. Without consulting the Constitution, this was simply assumed to be the case. The Constitution enforces many judicial and legal controls over supervision that check the presidents power over administration. Although the president is explicitly designated commander in chief of the army and navy, over civilian matters no such authority exists. At the local level, state administrative eliminated panels in favor of single managers and created gubernatorial  budget offices. â€Å"Meanwhile, in the arena of intergovernmental relations, the federal grant-in-aid blossomed as a principal means of financing government at the state and local level; and this gave the money-dispensing national executive branch a high degree of dominance over the entire administrative system† (p. 624). Centralized administrative control permits the presidency to apply its proclaimed duty of local policy governance at home and its expected obligation to direct overseas the extensive actions of the worlds only global force. Market sees public administration not as a governmentally absorbed area of joined deed, but as a set of fundamentally noncommercial events open to free-market course and direction. â€Å"Flexibility, competition, and entrepreneurship are assumed to be the keys to delivering efficient services in a way that is both economical and pleasing to consumers (p. 625).† The impact of what is left of customary public administration is to take care of the few matters that are not else controlled by the market, such as providing necessary public goods or improving rare market failures. The favored features sought are drawn from the latest ideas adopted in corporate management and organization. â€Å"They must flatten their hierarchies, break down their stovepipes, and adopt the latest information technologies; the organization is committed to continuous change almost for its own sake, dedicated to the rituals of strategic planning verbalized by the latest reform acronyms† (p. 625). The crucial result is not lacking its ironies. Traditional public administration is seen as despairingly incompetent, stubborn, and old-fashioned. On the other hand the invalid administrators are eager consumers of the management policies sold by business trainers and consultants. At the end of the day, an inept, big-spending bureaucracy seems to be the perfect problem to have (p.625). Civil society’s central concern is opening it up to direct public involvement, although it too is interested in control and reform with regard to public administration. They are more interested in giving voice to those who are financially deprived and without any political influence. They also speak for racial minorities and community residents whom they believe should have a direct voice in administrative decisions that affect them. It is  difficult to separate these citizens from others in civil society who might also wish to claim the same right. â€Å"Examples are local merchants, corporate chief executives, association executives, religious activists, and arms dealers; even though these people already enjoy insider influence in government through hired lobbyists, social contacts, and campaign contributions† (p. 625). It is hard to envision a structure that would carefully distinct between the citizens that deserve from undeserving. The article also analyzed some academics that have promoted not just higher proportions of minorities and women, but also the â€Å"active† representation in the form of pro-group conduct by bureaucrats (p.626). The logical perception of shareholder study is seen as a way to anticipate public feedbacks to a planned quantity from all quarters. Collaborative public planning is a way to assembly direct address among members of all relevant groups to allow citizens and not just bureaucrats to structure and address issues. â€Å"This tool has been particularly popular in the natural resources area, in which ranchers, timber companies, sports enthusiasts, and environmentalists compete for influence; moreover, several techniques of interactive e-government have been the subject of experimentation, especially at the local level† (p.626). Assessment According to Goodsell, it appears that he is calling for the skills of a strategic leader when he says that the â€Å"mission is the foundation for agency self-identification, staff impulse, program unity, organizational pride, and political support. Likewise, it stimulates a conscious level of intentionality that keeps the organization on track and mobilizes the resolve needed to resist capture by special interests (p. 631).† From public administration’s standpoint, the most important defect in the state viewpoint is the downgrade of management to a lesser part. â€Å"It evokes the simplistic politics-administration dichotomy and suggests public servants should be subservient beings† (p. 627). Another problem with the market view is its notion in approval of business outsourcing over domestic ability. Such extreme events as formation and appraising programs and  cherishing and mixing the labor force should not be contracted out. Maybe the most important flaw of this viewpoint is that its concern with the private sector does not satisfy the responsibilities of government. â€Å"It is the nature of the public sector to seek multiple, varied goals, many of which cannot be monitored by the monetary metric; although the values of economy, efficiency, and productivity remain obviously important in public administration, a more thoughtful calculus of purpose is needed (p. 628)†. Citizen participation can help democratize administration, but only under the right circumstances. There are limits on how much and how often authority can be shared. In crisis situations, time is of the essence, and truly expansive democracy is impossible. In matters of great debate, continued discussions may actually worsen the tension and do nothing to attain compromise. Eventually, someone must make a decision, and usually that burden falls on the public administrator. In public policy networks, it is crucial for government to have a prime role. Administrators may employ persuasion and negotiation in dealing with other network members (as they have always done), they must be regarded as first among equals at a very minimum because of their legal authority and mandate to seek out the public good (p. 630). All in all it seems that a certain amount of authorization is essential to carry out allocated tasks. This profits not only the organizations themselves but also the larger community. Most organization duties are not, after all, casually shaped. They originate from the constant, vital needs of a modern society, making their existence not a matter of choice but a necessity acknowledged by mostly all.

Beloved by Toni Morrison (review) :: essays research papers

Cincinnati, Ohio, 183. 124 Bluestone Road. Only a mother, Sethe, and her daughter Denver, are living in a haunted house. They are African ex-slaves, survivors of a painful and traumatic life. It is Paul D, another slave from â€Å"Sweet Home†, that suddenly comes, who brings back memories of a past that has been long since buried. The more Sethe and Paul D talk about their past sufferings, the more they are healed. However, the ghost that haunts the house remains as a mystery. This book, â€Å"Beloved†, a touching and powerful social novel written by Toni Morrison, is a deeply profound reading experience. Morrison uses the same techniques as the most respectable and admirable authors. These include musical language, as she stated: â€Å"I wanted my language to be musical†. This technique gives the novel poetic lines, like: â€Å"Lay em down, Sethe. Sword and shield. Down. Down. Both of em down. Down by the riverside. Sword and shield.† (page 86). Also, she uses small precise images, that are described in detail. With this technique, the reader can feel as if he or she can contemplate the image and see the beauty in it. An example of this is: â€Å"She frowned and looked at her daughter-in-law bending toward the baby. Roses of blood blossomed in the blanket covering Sethe’s shoulders.† (page 93). As the story unfolds, the reader discovers the real human nature of the characters by Morrison’s excellent use of stream-of-consciousness. The rememory that takes place throughout the novel examines a cruel and obscene system of the not-so-old American society. Morrison presents some demonstrative examples of that last century America, that could be called â€Å"Hell on Earth†. Sethe and her family were all victims of slavery in a place called â€Å"Sweet Home†, where they worked at a plantation. Sethe was sexually abused while she was pregnant of a baby she later called Beloved. She was so terribly whipped by the white nephews of the owner that she carries permanent scars. After she gives birth, she cuts the baby’s throat. She could not bear to think of the child living slavery. The overall plot consists of sources of conflict that play an important role in this story. These are race, gender, family and supernatural issues (which is the presence of

“Gift Of The Magi” And “The Necklace” Essay

The two short stories, â€Å"The gift of the Magi† written by O. Henry and â€Å"The necklace written by Guy de Maupassant are both composed of two young, beautiful women Mathilde and Della. Even though they are in different composed stories that have similar characteristics that convey throughout the story such as, they are both emotionally and financially depressed, have loving husbands, and both want to achieve something in an extreme manner. Throughout much the stories there similarities interact with each other, however there differences shine as strong as there will to survive through the depths of life. For example, Mathilde expresses her repetitive unappreciative remarks on life little pleasures. â€Å"She grieved over the shabbiness of her apartment, the dinginess of the walls, the worn-out appearance of the chairs, the ugliness of the draperies† is an example of recessive comments in which she complains that she should be treated like gold (de Maupassant 202). Her comments create the fact that her caliber of royalty should not be mistreated. Though she lives in a filthy cottage, which she calls home. Her emotions on life have gone in a realty world where she should be treated like a king. Her envies of better quality life style have turned into a disease, where she must have the finest jewels, tapestries in the world. Her cravings of excessive attention have made her gone into a state of addiction. Mme. Loisel was greedy, dishonest, and did not love her husband. She was a huge complainer who was always looking for attention, and often used people. In addition, Mathilde Loisel is a character that has much pride in her. It is her motivation to act throughout the story, and it is the key to her downfall. Mathilde downfall comes into place when she does not tell Mrs. Forrestier that she lost her necklace. Mathilde does not gush out confessions and prostrating herself while pleading for forgiveness, she takes the responsibility for her mistakes by replacing Mrs. Forrestier’s necklace. De Maupassant shows her qualities in the introduction, the incident, and the poverty she endures. At the beginning of the story Mathilde pride is so strong that she does not want to face reality. Reality meaning the husband she has and the small household she resumes in. So in order to reject reality she turns to her dreams in which she has the life of ease and riches. Pride comes to place when she is complaining to her husband  about the way hey live and how she deserves more than this. When they discover that they have been invited to a big party, she feels she must live up to her pride. Knowing without a doubt that they have no money, she wants to have a beautiful dress and along with the dress she gets a radiant necklace from Mrs. Forrestier. The incident in which Mathilde loses the necklace plays an active role in Mathlide’s pride. Mathilde refuses to endure embarrassment by telling Mrs. Forrestier that she lost her necklace, so she goes and replaces the necklace. Her pride will not let her stoop so low into apologizing, pleading for forgiveness for nothing, instead her pride tells her that she is capable of replacing the necklace, and so she does. Her pride dreadfully leads her into destitution lifestyle, something she is not most proud of. The reality of her life becomes more realistic than ever. She is plunged into poverty, and drudgery that will take away her prized youth and beauty, never to return, but yet she still has her pride. At the end after all the debts are all paid, she sees Mrs. Forrestier, who by the way does not recognize her, tells her about the incident and what she had to do to pay the money, and discovers that the necklace was nothing more than a fake. Mathilde is a character that has a pride so strong that she doesn’t notice until her pride hits her with retribution, by leading her to poverty. She sees her responsibility for losing the necklace, and she had enough sense of self-sacrifice to pay for restoring it. She sacrifices â€Å"with pride† not only her position, but also her youth and beauty. Pride plays a crucial role in Mathilde life, role that stands strong and proud, but yet its so crucial that it drives Mathlide’s fate. Furthermore, Mathilde had begun to change. Physically, â€Å"she had become the strong, hard, rude, woman of poor households. † (209). But also there was a change on the inside, too. Sometimes she still sat and thought about her moment of glory and then thought about what her life would have been like if she would have never lost the necklace. She realized that her selfishness and desire to be â€Å"on top† had caused her to experience the major down fall that she did. She also realized that she was at rock bottom now, her and her husband both, and she had put them there. A Mathilde dream of unattainable wealth and comfort yet, fails to see that her dream life ends up harming her real life. Maupassant does and excellent job of showing the transformation of Mathilde’s character from a person who is selfish and ungrateful to a person who realizes that  her mistakes and pays for it the rest of her life. Even though the story is fiction, Maupassant has made it believable and lifelike. Someone reading this story could benefit greatly from it. We all must deal with selfishness at some point in our lives. W hy not learn from other people’s mistakes, fiction or not. On the other hand, Della is a thoughtful person, sacrificed their most prized possessions for one another. They did this in order to buy each other nice Christmas presents. Della’s most prized possession was her beautiful hair that she cut off and sold for the money. For example, she uses her time and patience to give a thoughtful present to her loving husband. She is very much appreciative of her husband and is willing to accept him as her confidence and with this time of financial depression she uses him as a guide through the dark times and does not complain at all (203-204). Also, Della does the imaginable by cutting her long, beautiful hair to please her husband so that he can have a Christmas to remember (203). She is a person who will not let a little downfall get in her way for her husband and her to a have a wonderful and joyous celebration. She a not a selfish person, instead she is magnanimous, and considerate to the fullest extent. Even though her beauty is lost, she gained love and compassionate feeling from her husband, and it what counts more than gifts. Finally, Della is chivalrous and an honorable being. Instead uses all her might and strength to create the best Christmas ever. Lately, she is much deprived of many of her daily things, however her cutting her hair makes her to care for her husband more than she cares for herself. She would rather have her husband have a Merry Christmas, likewise for the husband. In conclusion, the short stories, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† and â€Å"The Necklace†, deal with two women’s struggles to make someone else happy and how fulfilling your own wants can hurt you. The difference between these stories is how when push came to shove, the way the characters chose to spend their money. These two interesting and ironic stories revolve around one main character. They both try to make their lives or someone else’s life better by using money.

Theme Of Stockings In Death Of A Salesman - 1013 Words

Those Damned Stockings! â€Å"You didn’t love her. You just didnt want to be alone. Or maybe, maybe she was good for your ego...but you didnt love her. Because you dont destroy people you love† -Grey’s Anatomy In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Miller uses many objects and events to represent bigger ideas and themes to help ground the story and make it less confusing. Many of these objects could represent multiple ideas within the story, and it is up to the reader to interpret what they believe the objects represent. One such object is stockings. Miller uses Linda’s stockings to represent her love for Willy and how it is ripped and torn but mended just like fragile silk stockings. There is the odd resistance Willy shows to her†¦show more content†¦WILLY: I have no stockings here! THE WOMAN: You had two boxes of size nine sheers for me, and I want them! WILLY: Here, for God’s sake, will you get outa here! THE WOMAN (enters holding a box of stockings)†(Miller (FIND PAGE NUMBER) The Woman wants Willy to show that he is willing to ignore Linda’s care in order to be with her. Miller represents this through the stockings. He gives the Woman countless of Linda’s stockings, and in that abandons Linda for another woman. He later regrets this and wants to deny it happened and pretend he did nothing wrong. However he cannot change the fact that their relationship was damaged because of his actions and he cannot take back what he did to Linda. Linda is often seen repairing her expensive, silk stockings whenever there is something damaging to their relationship hinted at or when she has a fight with Willy. One such example is after the long scene with Willy’s mistress: â€Å" And thanks for the stockings. I love a lot of stockings†¦ (The Woman bursts out laughing, and Linda’s laughter blends in. The Woman disappears into the dark. Now the area at the kitchen table brightens. Linda is sitting where she was at the kitchen table, but now is mending a pair of her silk stockings.) LINDA: You are, Willy. The handsomest man. You’ve got no reason to feel that... WILLY (corning out of The Woman’s dimming area and going over to Linda): I’ll make it all up to you, Linda,Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Womens Stockings In Death Of A Salesman889 Words   |  4 PagesWomen’s stockings is the motif in the play. What is the significance of the womens stockings in the play? In the ‘Death of a Salesman’ the significance of the womens stockings is presented as a motif throughout the play. This is a vital part as the reader is discovering that Willy, the â€Å"well known† salesman had an affair. Even though Willy has a supportive and loving wife, he still goes out and seeks pleasure from another woman due to his loneliness â€Å"I get so lonely†. 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One reoccurring symbolRead MoreArthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Millers Death of a Salesman Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman contains many themes of success and failure. They include the apartment buildings, the rubber hose, Willys brother Ben, the tape recorder, and the seeds for the garden. These symbols represent Willys attempts to be successful and his impending failure. In the start Willy and Linda moved to a home in Brooklyn, as it at the time seemedRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman: Illusion In An American Tragedy Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesWhen the realities of life become too harsh, humankind has a natural tendency to choose the most convenient solution to his problem: illusion. They build dreams and fantasies to conceal the more difficult truths of their lives. In his play Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller portrays the hold of such illusions on individuals and its horrible consequences. Through the overly average, overly typical Loman family, Miller shows how dreams of a better life become, as Choudhuri put it, â€Å"fantasies to the